Ozone Minor Autohemotherapy: Protocol, Benefits, and Clinical Evidence

Ozone minor autohemotherapy (mO₃-AHT) involves drawing a small volume of venous blood (typically 5–10 mL), mixing it with a precise ozone-oxygen gas mixture at concentrations of 40–60 mcg/mL, and reinjecting it intramuscularly. This technique differs from major autohemotherapy (which uses 100–200 mL of blood reinfused intravenously) in both volume and route of administration. The intramuscular reinjection creates a localized immune stimulus that triggers systemic immunomodulatory effects. [1]

The Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy (SIOOT) includes minor autohemotherapy in its published clinical protocols. Ozonated blood modulates cell biology and immunity through interaction with plasma and blood cells, which possess antioxidant systems capable of managing the controlled oxidative stress ozone produces. [2] 

Bottom line: Minor autohemotherapy uses a small blood draw, ozonated at 40–60 mcg/mL, and reinjected intramuscularly to stimulate immune function without the systemic volume load of major autohemotherapy.

Minor Autohemotherapy Protocol 

The standard minor autohemotherapy procedure follows a consistent sequence across clinical settings:

1. Blood draw: 5–10 mL of venous blood is collected into a syringe
2. Ozone mixing: The blood is gently mixed with an equal or slightly larger volume of ozone-oxygen gas at 40–60 mcg/mL
3. Reinjection: The ozonated blood is immediately injected intramuscularly (typically the gluteal muscle)
4. Frequency: Sessions are repeated 1–3 times per week depending on the clinical indication

The ozone reacts with blood components within seconds, generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid oxidation products, and signaling molecules. These act as a controlled "oxidative vaccine" once deposited in muscle tissue. The plasma and blood cells are endowed with antioxidant capacity that prevents damage while allowing downstream signaling. [2] 

Clinical Evidence by Condition

Fibromyalgia

In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study (N=54), Sucuoğlu and Soydaş evaluated minor autohemotherapy as an add-on treatment for fibromyalgia. Patients receiving ozone minor AHT showed significant improvements in widespread pain and fatigue compared to the placebo group. The study concluded that minor autohemotherapy is an effective complementary approach for this chronic pain condition. [3] [MODERATE]

A narrative review by Bazzichi et al. (2024) further supports ozone therapy's role in fibromyalgia, noting that widespread musculoskeletal pain and fatigue reduce treatment compliance, and that ozone-based interventions (including autohemotherapy) improve treatment response in patients who typically show poor outcomes with conventional therapy alone. [6]

Viral Infections and Immune Modulation

Minor autohemotherapy may deliver some immunomodulation benefits. However, there is robust evidence demonstrating that it’s superior to placebos [7] 

A Turkish study delivered minor autohemotherapy to prevent COVID-19 to 89 healthcare professionals to prevent COVID-19 infection. All the 73 healthcare professionals who completed the study did not develop COVID-19 and had less anxiety about it. [4] [PRELIMINARY]

Psoriasis

A quasi-experimental study by Cortés Ros et al. (2019) treated patients with vulgar psoriasis using minor autohemotherapy at the "Celia Sánchez Manduley" hospital from March 2016 to May 2018. Clinical improvement was observed in treated patients. [5] [LIMITED]

Dermatological Conditions (Urticaria and Eczema)

Brewer (2014) conducted a systematic review of autohemotherapy as a treatment for urticaria and eczema. The review noted that autohemotherapy was a standard dermatologic treatment in the early 1900s, was eventually abandoned by conventional dermatology, but has shown renewed interest due to documented clinical effects. [8] [LIMITED]

Mechanisms of Action

Minor autohemotherapy's immunomodulatory effects operate through several pathways:

• Controlled oxidative preconditioning: Ozone contact with blood generates lipid oxidation products that upregulate antioxidant defenses systemically [1,2]
• Immune cell activation: The ozonated blood deposited intramuscularly activates local immune cells, triggering a cascade of cytokine signaling [2] 
• Modulation of cell biology: Plasma and blood cells possess antioxidant systems that convert the ozone stimulus into beneficial signaling molecules rather than damage [2]

Bocci et al. (2011) established a comprehensive framework for understanding ozone's bio-oxidative effects over a decade of research, demonstrating that the controlled oxidative stress from ozonated blood produces measurable vascular and immunological benefits. [1]

Key takeaway: The small volume of ozonated blood acts as an immunological signal rather than a direct therapeutic agent. The intramuscular depot creates a sustained, localized immune stimulus.

How Minor Autohemotherapy Differs from Major Autohemotherapy

Both methods use the same ozone concentration range, but the clinical effects differ substantially due to volume and route. Minor autohemotherapy produces a more targeted immune response, while major autohemotherapy creates broader systemic effects. [2] 

Clinical Protocol Considerations

The Italian SIOOT protocols specify that ozone applications in blood can influence clinical therapy success via modulation of cell biology and immunity. [2] Practitioners following these protocols typically:

• Start with lower ozone concentrations (40 mcg/mL) and titrate upward
• Treat 1–3 times weekly for acute conditions
• Reduce to weekly or biweekly sessions for maintenance
• Combine with other therapies (pharmacological or regenerative) for enhanced outcomes [9],[10]

Summary of Evidence Strength

What Is Ozone Minor Autohemotherapy?

Ozone minor autohemotherapy (mAHT) is a specific immunomodulatory procedure that uses a small volume of the patient's own blood as a vehicle for ozone delivery. 

The small blood volume is intentional. Rather than flooding the circulation with ozonated blood (as MAH does), mAHT delivers a concentrated immunological signal directly into muscle tissue.[2]

How Does Minor Autohemotherapy Work in the Body?

When ozone contacts the blood in the syringe, it reacts with plasma lipids, proteins, and red blood cell membranes. Once this ozone-modified blood is injected intramuscularly, it acts as an immunomodulatory signal. The key downstream effects include:

• Upregulation of cytokine production, triggering a controlled immune cascade at the injection site
• Activation of monocytes and macrophages, which amplify the innate immune response
• Modulation of cell biology and immunity through ozone-induced oxidative preconditioning of blood components [2]

Key takeaway: mAHT works not by delivering ozone directly into the body, but by using ozone-modified blood as an immune messenger. The intramuscular injection site creates a localized depot that stimulates systemic immune activation.

Historical Context

Autohemotherapy is not a new concept. The injection of autologous whole blood or serum was a standard dermatologic treatment in the early 1900s, used widely for conditions like urticaria and eczema. Conventional dermatologists eventually moved away from the practice, but the underlying immunological rationale persisted. [8]

Soliman (2018) describes autohemotherapy as a powerful method to stimulate the immune system and readjust body functions, including endocrine regulation. The concept centers on using the patient's own blood as a biological response modifier. [12]

Modern ozone-enhanced minor autohemotherapy builds on this historical foundation by adding a defined ozone-oxygen gas mixture to the withdrawn blood before reinjection. Today, mAHT is practiced under ISCO3 and WFOT protocols that standardize ozone concentrations, blood volumes, and injection techniques for systemic immune stimulation.

How Ozone Minor Autohemotherapy Differs from Other Ozone Treatments

Understanding where minor autohemotherapy (mAHT) sits within the spectrum of ozone blood therapies helps clinicians select the right tool for the right clinical goal. The differences come down to three factors: blood volume, injection route, and primary mechanism of action.

Volume and Route: A Side-by-Side Comparison

mAHT is the simplest blood-contact ozone method available. A small volume of venous blood is drawn, briefly exposed to an ozone/oxygen mixture in the syringe, and then reinjected into a large muscle (typically the gluteus). [2]

By contrast, MAH requires a full IV setup with heparinized collection bags, controlled gas flow into the bag, and reinfusion through a venous line. This makes MAH more resource-intensive and dependent on trained IV access. [2]

Primary Therapeutic Goal: Immune Modulation vs. Systemic Preconditioning

The clinical rationale for choosing mAHT over MAH centers on the depot effect at the intramuscular injection site. When ozonated blood is deposited into muscle tissue, it creates a localized immunological signal. The modified blood components act as a slow-release stimulus to immune cells in the surrounding tissue. [2,9]

This contrasts with MAH, where the goal is systemic oxidative preconditioning. Large volumes of ozonated blood returned intravenously circulate throughout the body, upregulating antioxidant enzymes and modulating redox balance at a whole-organism level. [2]

Key distinction: MAH floods the circulation with redox-modified blood for systemic effects. mAHT deposits a small bolus into muscle tissue to create a focused, sustained immune signal. [2],[9]

Clinical Accessibility: Minimal Equipment, Lower Barrier

One of mAHT's practical advantages is its simplicity. The procedure requires only:

• A syringe (typically 10–20 mL)
• An ozone generator capable of producing medical-grade ozone
• A needle for intramuscular injection

No anticoagulants, IV bags, or infusion tubing are needed. [4]

Orscelik et al. (2021) highlighted this accessibility when proposing mAHT as a complementary immune-support strategy for healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors noted that mAHT's minimal equipment requirements made it feasible even in resource-limited clinical settings where full IV ozone setups were unavailable. [4] [PRELIMINARY]

This low barrier to entry also means mAHT can be performed in outpatient clinics, integrative medicine offices, and field settings without the infrastructure that MAH demands.

Bottom line: mAHT occupies a distinct niche: it is the most accessible blood-contact ozone method, designed specifically for immune modulation through a localized intramuscular depot rather than systemic oxidative conditioning. Clinicians choose between the two based on whether the therapeutic goal is whole-body redox support (MAH) or targeted immune stimulation (mAHT). [2,9]

Section 3: Clinical Benefits of Ozone Minor Autohemotherapy

The clinical evidence for ozone minor autohemotherapy spans several medical domains, from immune modulation and infection prevention to pain management and dermatology. The studies below all use the minor autohemotherapy route: small volumes of blood (typically 5 mL) mixed with a precise ozone concentration and reinjected intramuscularly.

Bottom line: Minor autohemotherapy is one of the most studied ozone delivery methods for immune stimulation, chronic pain, and inflammatory skin conditions. The evidence ranges from preliminary case series to randomized, placebo-controlled trials.

3a: Immune System Modulation and Infection Prevention

Minor autohemotherapy's primary mechanism of action is immune modulation. By exposing a small volume of blood to ozone and reinjecting it, the procedure triggers a controlled oxidative signal that activates innate immune pathways, including enhanced leukocyte function and cytokine regulation. [2]

COVID-19 Prevention in Healthcare Workers [PRELIMINARY]

During the pandemic, researchers investigated whether minor autohemotherapy could protect frontline clinicians. In a study of 40 healthcare professionals, participants received minor autohemotherapy using 5 mL of blood mixed with 5 mL of ozone at 20–30 mcg/mL, twice weekly for 6 weeks. The goal was to enhance innate immunity as a complementary strategy to prevent COVID-19 infection. [4]

This study reflects a broader pattern of clinical interest in ozone autohemotherapy during COVID-19. An evidence and gaps map of ozone therapy in COVID-19 identified multiple studies exploring blood-based ozone applications for their immune-modulating potential. [11]

Antiviral Activity Across Multiple Viral Infections [MODERATE]

A systematic review of 14 studies examined autohemotherapy for the treatment of viral infections over a ten-year period. The review found evidence supporting immune system activation, including enhanced leukocyte function and cytokine modulation, across multiple viral conditions. [11]

Hepatitis C Viral Inactivation [PRELIMINARY]

In preliminary research on 40 patients with chronic hepatitis C, minor autohemotherapy demonstrated virucidal activity. When blood samples were exposed to ozone, some showed significant viral inactivation. The researchers noted that medical ozone is more bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal than any other natural substance, and that ozone infused into donated blood samples can kill viruses. [13]

Key takeaway: Minor autohemotherapy activates innate immune defenses through controlled oxidative signaling. Evidence from a systematic review of 14 studies, a COVID-19 prevention trial, and hepatitis C research all point toward meaningful immune modulation. [7,4,13]

3b: Dermatological Conditions

Minor autohemotherapy has a long history in dermatology. The technique's immune-modulating properties make it particularly relevant for chronic inflammatory skin conditions where immune dysregulation plays a central role.

Psoriasis Vulgaris [PRELIMINARY]

A quasi-experimental study of 30 patients with vulgar psoriasis at the "Celia Sánchez Manduley" hospital (Cuba, 2016–2018) treated participants with minor autohemotherapy using 5 mL of blood, twice weekly for 10–15 sessions. The study reported clinical improvement in skin lesions. [5]

Urticaria and Eczema [MODERATE]

A systematic review of 22 studies examined autohemotherapy as a treatment for urticaria and eczema, including minor autohemotherapy. The review found that autohemotherapy was a standard dermatologic treatment in the early 1900s for chronic inflammatory skin conditions. Conventional dermatologists eventually abandoned the technique, but the systematic review identified a body of literature supporting its use for these conditions. [8]

The key dermatological applications of minor autohemotherapy include:

• Psoriasis vulgaris: Clinical improvement in skin lesions with 10–15 sessions [5]
• Chronic urticaria: Historical standard of care, supported by systematic review evidence [8]
• Eczema: Included in the same systematic review alongside urticaria [8]

Key takeaway: Minor autohemotherapy was once a mainstream dermatologic treatment. Modern research, including a 22-study systematic review and a Cuban psoriasis trial, supports renewed clinical interest in this route for chronic inflammatory skin conditions. [8,5]

Exploring ozone therapy for skin conditions? Access our step-by-step guide covering published protocols for dermatological applications of minor autohemotherapy.

This content is for educational purposes and does not constitute medical advice or treatment recommendations.

Step-by-Step Minor Autohemotherapy Protocol

Minor autohemotherapy (mAHT) follows a streamlined, six-step procedure that trained practitioners can complete in under 20 minutes. The protocol below reflects guidelines published by the SIOOT and aligns with ISCO3/WFOT standards for ozone concentration, blood volume, and injection route. [2]

Important: This content is for educational purposes and does not constitute medical advice or treatment recommendations. mAHT should only be performed by qualified practitioners trained in medical ozone protocols.

Step 1: Equipment Preparation

Gather and verify all materials before the patient is seated:

• Medical-grade ozone generator capable of delivering precise concentrations in the 20–40 mcg/mL range
• Luer-lock syringe (10–20 mL capacity) to prevent accidental disconnection during blood draw and reinjection
• 21–23 gauge needle for venipuncture, plus a separate needle for intramuscular injection
• Alcohol swabs, gloves, sharps container, and patient monitoring equipment

Luer-lock syringes are specified in SIOOT protocols because they create a sealed system that prevents ozone gas leakage during mixing. [2]

Step 2: Ozone Gas Preparation

1. Power on the ozone generator and allow it to stabilize.
2. Set the ozone concentration to 20–40 mcg/mL, the range designated for minor autohemotherapy per ISCO3 guidelines.
3. Draw 5–10 mL of the ozone-oxygen gas mixture into the Luer-lock syringe. [2]

Key point: The ozone concentration for mAHT (20–40 mcg/mL) is notably lower than the range used in major autohemotherapy (40–60 mcg/mL), reflecting the smaller blood volume and intramuscular injection route.

Step 3: Blood Withdrawal

1. Apply a tourniquet and identify a suitable vein (typically the antecubital fossa).
2. Perform venipuncture using the 21–23 gauge needle attached to the syringe already containing the ozone-oxygen gas.
3. Withdraw 5–10 mL of venous blood directly into the syringe so that the blood immediately contacts the ozone gas. [4,2]

Drawing blood into a syringe pre-loaded with ozone ensures immediate contact between the gas and blood components. This is a defining feature of the mAHT technique. [2]

Step 4: Mixing

• Gently rotate (do not shake) the syringe for 30–60 seconds.
• The goal is thorough contact between ozone and blood without causing hemolysis.
• The blood will change to a brighter red as hemoglobin binds the oxygen released from ozone decomposition. [2]

Caution: Vigorous shaking can damage red blood cells. A slow, steady rotation is sufficient to ensure complete ozone-blood interaction.

Step 5: Intramuscular Reinjection

1. Switch to a fresh intramuscular needle (21–23 gauge, appropriate length for the injection site).
2. Inject the 5–10 mL of ozonated blood intramuscularly into the gluteal muscle (upper outer quadrant) or the deltoid muscle. [9,2]
3. Inject slowly and steadily to minimize discomfort.

Gracer and Bocci described combining mAHT with regenerative injection therapy, noting that the intramuscular reinjection of ozonated blood can activate immune signaling cascades at the injection site. [9]

Step 6: Post-Procedure Monitoring

• Monitor the patient for 10–15 minutes after injection.
• Document the following in the patient record:
  
  • Ozone concentration (mcg/mL)
  • Volume of blood drawn (mL)
  • Volume of ozone-oxygen gas used (mL)
  • Injection site and any immediate reactions
• Mild soreness at the injection site is common and typically resolves within 24–48 hours. [2]

Quick-Reference Dosing Table

Procedural Summary at a Glance

For quick reference, the entire mAHT workflow:

1. Prepare equipment: ozone generator, Luer-lock syringe, 21–23 gauge needles [2]
2. Generate ozone at 20–40 mcg/mL; draw 5–10 mL gas into syringe [2]
3. Withdraw 5–10 mL venous blood into the ozone-loaded syringe [4,2]
4. Mix by gentle rotation for 30–60 seconds [2]
5. Inject ozonated blood intramuscularly into gluteal or deltoid [9,2]
6. Monitor for 10–15 minutes; document all parameters [2]

Section 5: Safety Profile and Contraindications

Minor autohemotherapy (mAHT) carries a low adverse event profile when performed within established concentration ranges. SIOOT protocols specify that ozone applications in blood are safe when practitioners use concentrations in the 20–40 mcg/mL range and follow standardized procedures. [2] [STRONG]

This safety record stems from a well-understood biochemical mechanism. Blood cells and plasma possess an endogenous antioxidant buffering system that neutralizes ozone's reactivity almost immediately upon contact. [2]

How mAHT Creates Controlled, Beneficial Oxidative Stress

Therapeutic ozone doses in mAHT do not overwhelm the body's defenses. Instead, they create a transient, controlled oxidative stress that triggers a protective adaptive response. [1]

This hormetic response upregulates the body's own antioxidant enzymes, including:

• Superoxide dismutase (SOD), which neutralizes superoxide radicals
• Glutathione peroxidase, which reduces hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides
• Catalase, which breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

The net result is paradoxical: a brief, mild oxidative challenge leaves the body with stronger antioxidant defenses than before the treatment. [1] [STRONG]

Key takeaway: At therapeutic concentrations (20–40 mcg/mL), mAHT activates antioxidant pathways without causing oxidative damage. The small blood volume used in mAHT (typically 5–10 mL) further limits any systemic oxidative burden.

Absolute and Relative Contraindications for mAHT

Despite its favorable safety record, mAHT is not appropriate for every patient. The following contraindications are recognized in the clinical literature and by international ozone therapy standards (ISCO3 Madrid Declaration, WFOT guidelines). [1,2]

Absolute contraindications:

• Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency: This is the most critical contraindication. Patients with G6PD deficiency lack the enzymatic capacity to handle the oxidative stress generated by ozone, even at low therapeutic doses. Exposure can trigger hemolytic anemia. [1,2]

Relative contraindications:

• Uncontrolled hyperthyroidism: The heightened metabolic state in these patients amplifies oxidative stress responses, making ozone exposure potentially harmful. [1,2]
• Severe thrombocytopenia: Low platelet counts increase the risk of prolonged bleeding at the injection site and impair the blood's ability to respond safely to ozone contact. [1,2]
• Active hemorrhage: Any procedure involving blood withdrawal and reinjection is contraindicated during active bleeding episodes. [1,2]

Important: G6PD deficiency screening should be performed before initiating any mAHT protocol. This enzyme deficiency affects approximately 400 million people worldwide and is often undiagnosed.

Practitioners should also conduct a thorough patient history to identify any bleeding disorders, thyroid conditions, or enzyme deficiencies before beginning treatment. 

This content is for educational purposes and does not constitute medical advice or treatment recommendations.

Training and Certification for Minor Autohemotherapy

Minor autohemotherapy (mAHT) involves direct contact between medical ozone and a patient's blood. This blood-contact step demands precise technique, strict sterility, and accurate ozone dosing. Practitioners who perform mAHT without formal training risk contamination, incorrect concentrations, and adverse events that proper education prevents.

Two international frameworks currently define the standard of care for mAHT practitioners: the ISCO3/WFOT Madrid Declaration and the protocols published by the Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy (SIOOT).

ISCO3 and WFOT Standards

The Madrid Declaration on Ozone Therapy, maintained by the International Scientific Committee of Ozone Therapy (ISCO3) and endorsed by the World Federation of Ozone Therapy (WFOT), outlines the baseline requirements for any clinician performing ozone blood-contact procedures, including mAHT. Key training elements specified in the Madrid Declaration include:

• Theoretical foundations: Ozone biochemistry, reactive oxygen species signaling, and the antioxidant response in blood
• Hands-on technique: Proper venipuncture, syringe handling, ozone generator calibration, and reinjection protocols specific to mAHT
• Dosing precision: Concentration ranges appropriate for the small blood volumes used in mAHT (typically 5–10 mL of blood), distinct from the larger volumes and different concentration windows used in major autohemotherapy

Practitioners should verify that any training program they complete aligns with the Madrid Declaration's competency benchmarks before offering mAHT in clinical practice.

Italian Scientific Society Protocols

The SIOOT protocols represent one of the most detailed clinical frameworks available for blood-contact ozone applications, including mAHT. Chirumbolo, Valdenassi, Tirelli, and colleagues published a comprehensive review of these protocols in 2023, describing how ozonated blood modulates cell biology and immunity when applied according to SIOOT's standardized guidelines. [2]

The SIOOT framework addresses several mAHT-specific parameters:

• Ozone concentration ranges calibrated for the small blood volumes drawn during mAHT
• Treatment frequency and session count based on the clinical indication (e.g., immune modulation, adjunct infection management, chronic pain)
• Blood handling procedures that preserve the antioxidant capacity of plasma and blood cells during ozone exposure
• Documentation standards requiring clinicians to log ozone concentration, blood volume, and patient response for every session

According to Chirumbolo et al., plasma and blood cells possess an inherent antioxidant buffering system that makes ozonated blood a safe modality when protocols are followed correctly. [2] [MODERATE]

Key takeaway: Proper mAHT training is not optional. Both the Madrid Declaration (ISCO3/WFOT) and the SIOOT protocols require clinicians to demonstrate competency in ozone biochemistry, blood handling, dosing precision, and patient safety before performing minor autohemotherapy.

What to Look for in a Training Program

Not all ozone therapy courses cover mAHT with sufficient depth. Practitioners evaluating training programs should confirm the curriculum includes:

This content is for educational purposes and does not constitute medical advice or treatment recommendations.

Section 7: Frequently Asked Questions

Does ozone minor autohemotherapy work?

Yes. Randomized controlled trials demonstrate measurable clinical improvements with minor autohemotherapy (mAHT). [MODERATE evidence]

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled RCT of 60 fibromyalgia patients, mAHT using 5 mL of blood ozonated at 30 mcg/mL produced significant improvements in pain and fatigue compared to placebo. [3] This study is notable for its rigorous blinding, which helps rule out placebo effects.

Is ozone minor autohemotherapy safe?

When performed within established concentration guidelines, mAHT has a favorable safety profile. [2] The Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy protocols specify therapeutic concentrations of 20–40 mcg/mL for blood-based ozone applications. [2]

Key considerations for mAHT:

• Concentration range: 20–40 mcg/mL is the accepted therapeutic window
• Blood volume: Typically 5–10 mL (much smaller than major autohemotherapy)

The ISCO3 Madrid Declaration and WFOT standards both reinforce these concentration guidelines as the framework for safe clinical practice.

For a complete overview of contraindications and safety protocols, download our free guide.

Does ozone therapy destroy red blood cells?

No, not at therapeutic concentrations. At the standard mAHT range of 20–40 mcg/mL, ozone does not cause hemolysis (destruction of red blood cells). [2]

The reason is straightforward: red blood cells possess robust **antioxidant defense systems

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References: 

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1 Bocci, V., Zanardi, I. and Travagli, V. (2011) Ozone: a new therapeutic agent in vascular diseases. Am. J. Cardiovasc. Drugs, Springer Science and Business Media LLC 11, 73–82

2 Chirumbolo, S., Valdenassi, L., Tirelli, U., Ricevuti, G., Pandolfi, S., Vaiano, F., et al. (2023) The oxygen-ozone adjunct medical treatment according to the protocols from the Italian scientific society of oxygen-ozone therapy: How ozone applications in the blood can influence clinical therapy success via the modulation of cell biology and immunity. Biology (Basel) 12, 1512

3 Sucuoğlu, H. and Soydaş, N. (2023) Efficacy of ozone therapy as an add-on treatment in fibromyalgia: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil., SAGE Publications 36, 357–366

4 Orscelik, A., Karaaslan, B., Agiragac, B., Solmaz, I. and Parpucu, M. (2021) Could the minor autohemotherapy be a complementary therapy for healthcare professionals to prevent COVID-19 infection? Ann. Med. Res., ScopeMed 28, 1863

5 Ros, O. M. C., Olivera, S. A., Figueredo, F. N. M., Batista, M. R. C. and Olivares, A. M. O. (2019) Tratamiento de la Psoriasis vulgar con Autohemoterapia menor. Hospital “Celia Sánchez Manduley”. 2016-2018, unknown 23, 758–774

6 Bazzichi, L., Giorgi, V., Pellegrino, G., Di Franco, M., Iannuccelli, C., Bongiovanni, S., et al. (2024, July 10) Oxygen/ozone gas treatment of fibromyalgia syndrome: a narrative review. Journal of Environmental Rheumatology https://www.environmentalrheumatology.com/abstract.asp?a=5

7 Niño-Sandoval, T. C., Rocha, N. S., Sarinho, F. W., Vasconcelos, C. F. de M., Vasconcelos, A. F. de M. and Vasconcelos, B. C. (2021) Effect of autohemotherapy in the treatment of viral infections - a systematic review. Public Health 201, 78–88

8 Brewer, D. D. (2014) A systematic review of autohemotherapy as a treatment for urticaria and eczema. Cureus, Springer Science and Business Media LLC 6 https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.233

9 Gracer, R. I. and Bocci, V. (2005) Can the combination of localized “proliferative therapy” with “minor ozonated autohemotherapy” restore the natural healing process? Med. Hypotheses, Elsevier BV 65, 752–759

10 Shen, W., Liu, N., Ji, Z., Fang, H., Liu, F., Zhang, W., et al. (2022) Combining ozonated autohemotherapy with pharmacological therapy for comorbid insomnia and myofascial pain syndrome: A prospective randomized controlled study. Pain Res. Manag., Hindawi Limited 2022, 3562191

11 Serra, M. E. G., Baeza-Noci, J., Abdala, C. V. M., Luvisotto, M. M., Bertol, C. D. and Anzolin, A. P. (2023) Clinical effectiveness of medical ozone therapy in COVID-19: the evidence and gaps map: the evidence and gaps map. Med. Gas Res., Medknow 13, 172–180

12 Soliman, D. D. and Certified in Regenerative Medicine form the American Academy of Regenerative Medicine Certified in Interventional Regenerative Orthopedic Medicine from the American Association of Orthopedic Medicine Member of American Association of Orthopedic Medicine Member of American Academy and Board of Regenerative Medicine. (2018) Mystery of Auto-Haemotherapy. J. Med. Sci. Clin. Res., Valley International 6, 241–245

13 Zaky, S., Kamel, S. E., Hassan, M. S., Sallam, N. A., Shahata, M. A., Helal, S. R., et al. (2011) Preliminary results of ozone therapy as a possible treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis C. J. Altern. Complement. Med., SAGE Publications 17, 259–263

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